Pathophysiology of Coronary Diseases

Pathophysiology of Coronary Diseases Describe the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (what is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired. Coronary Artery disease (CAD) occurs when fatty plaques are built up in arteries and harden with age. This is known as Artherosclerosis which results in a decreased amount of blood being delivered to the heart and increased difficulty for the arteries to dilate (Lewis, 2014). The heart then shifts from an aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism due to the resulting oxygen deprivation from the vessels not being able to keep up with the increased demand for oxygen (Lewis, 2014). Lactic acid then accumulates and leads to acidosis, decreased energy, decreased contraction strength and also decreased force (Lewis, 2014). This chain of events means that less blood leaves the heart which can then lead to myocardial infarction (MI) (Lewis, 2014). Gender Signs and Symptoms Male Crushing Squeezing Tightness in neck, chest, or shoulder blade CAD is highest among white, middle aged men! Female Jaw, neck, back, and shoulder pain Shortness of breath Vague chest pain Dizziness Palpations Cold sweats Nausea May be more difficult to identify! Treatment Options: Some examples of medications: Nitrates: Reduce the amount of oxygen that the heart uses. Lipid Lowering Drugs: Inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver which unexplainably increases hepatic LDL receptors. The liver is then able to remove more LDLs from the blood. Simvastatin (Zocor) Niacin (Niaspan) Gemfibrozil (Lopid) Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Reduce oxygen demands and workload by reducing heart rate and blood flow peripheral resistance (Lewis, 2014). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Result in vasodilation and reduced blood volume. These drugs also reverse or prevent ventricular remodeling (Lewis, 2014). Anti-Platelet Drugs: Reduce platelet accumulation and decrease the risk for a blockage to develop in blood vessels. Surgical: Laser angioplasty Coronary artery bypass Shunt placement Expected Outcomes: Increase in cardiac output Reduction of blood pressure Improving quality of life Reduction of chest pain Describe the pathophysiology of hypertension. (What is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired / lifestyle changes needed. Hypertension Primary Hypertension Elevated blood pressure (BP) without an identified etiology (Lewis, 2014). Contributing Factors (Lewis, 2014) Increase sympathetic nervous system activity Overproduction of sodium retaining hormones and substances that cause vasoconstriction Increased sodium intake Obesity Diabetes Tobacco use Excessive alcohol consumption Pathophysiology of Primary Hypertension: Increased cardiac output (CO) or Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) increases. This happens due to abnormalities of any of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of normal BP (Lewis, 2014). The release of renin or angiotensin II causes the blood vessels to increase which consequentially increases blood volume. Signs and Symptoms of Primary Hypertension BP >140/90 on two separate occasions Nausea Headache, typically throbbing and occurring in the morning. Vision problems Treatment Includes lifestyle modifications including: Stress reduction Diet Exercise Limit alcohol intake Tobacco cessation Relaxation techniques Secondary Hypertension Elevated BP with a specific cause that can be corrected Pathophysiology of Secondary Hypertension: Increase in blood volume is due to a specific disease or illness. Signs and symptoms of Secondary Hypertension: Stroke Heart Failure MI Retinopathy Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Treatment Treating the underlying cause Both types of Hypertension can be treated with medications such as: Thiazide diuretics ACE inhibitors Beta adrenergic blockers Although these are some signs listed in our text there are really no definite signs or symptoms because a patient cannot tell if their blood pressure is consistently high just by the way they feel. The damages listed above happen because there are no signs a person can feel on their own to warn them of their hypertension (Lewis, 2014). Describe the pathophysiology of left sided heart failure / CHF (what is it / signs symptoms / treatments / outcomes desired / lifestyle changes needed. Left sided heart failure is due to the left ventricle ineffectively contracting. This causes a decrease in CO and pulmonary edema. These occur because the heart is not pumping effectively causing fluid to build up in the left atrium as well as the lungs (Lewis, 2014). Signs and Symptoms Crackles heard in the lungs Frothy pink sputum ↓ Attention span Ventricular gallop Difficulty breathing Muscle weakness Edema Fatigue Weight gain Irritability Treatment Options Lifestyle Modifications ↓ Sodium intake ↓ risk for fluid overload Ace Inhibitors ↓ vascular resistance Diuretics ↓ Preload Advise patient to eat foods high in potassium or consume a potassium supplement to replace fluids lost Digoxin ↑ Heart’s ability to contract Beta-Blockers Prevent cardiac remodeling (Lewis, 2014) Create an Education plan for a low sodium diet. (What specifically would you teach this patient about this diet)? Include foods high in sodium / foods to avoid. Please have a detailed plan that you can use to teach a patient. The plan should have at least 2 patient outcomes listed. You need to bring the plan to clinical so that you can use it with your patient. Educate patient that sodium intake is as follow: Healthy Adult No more than 2300 mg/day Cardiac Patient Less than 1500 mg/day Advise patients not to add salts or seasonings to foods because it can increase sodium intake. They can choose options such as non-sodium seasonings instead! (For Example: Mrs. Dash offers AMAZING no-salt seasonings) Also, advise patient that using herbs for seasoning like garlic, ginger or lemon are good alternatives Foods to Avoid: Frozen meals Limit milk intake to no more than 2 cups a day Cheeses Canned soups and vegetables Advise patient if buying canned vegetables he/she can rinse these prior to eating with water Processed meats Always read your food labels Watch out for medications that contain sodium! Outcomes: Patient 1: Patient will be able to name 3 alternatives to seasoning with salt by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Patient 2: Patient will be able to name 3 food choices low in sodium by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. (Lewis, 2014) Create an education plan for low fat, heart healthy diet. (What specifically would you teach this patient about this diet?) Include information on bad fats versus good fats. Please have a detailed plan that you can use to teach a patient. The plan should have at least 2 patient outcomes listed. You need to bring the plan to clinical so that you can use it with your patient. Daily Fat Consumption 25-35% of daily calories Polyunsaturated should be the primary source Food Choices Adequate intake of foods with omega 3 fatty acids have proven to be good for the heart (American Heart Association) Eat fish at least two times a week (American Heart Association) â€Å"Omega-3 fatty acids decrease risk of arrhythmias, which can lead to sudden death. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease triglyceride levels, slow growth rate of atherosclerotic plaque, and lower blood pressure† (American Heart Association). Eat more: Whole grains Fresh vegetables and fruit If you cannot afford fresh fruit try fruit canned in natural juices versus syrups Low fat cheeses and dairy Avoid processed foods, and those high in saturated fats Foods high in saturated fats include: Butter Bacon Cheese Outcomes: Patient 1: Patient will be able to verbalize ways to decrease fat consumption on a daily basis by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Patient 2: Patient will be able to verbalize the need for consumption of Omega 3 fatty acids by end of shift, Tuesday 12pm. Give examples of situations when you would need to increase oral intake of foods high in potassium. Patients with hypertension on a potassium wasting diuretic, â€Å"diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting, and ileostomy drainage† would need to increase oral intake of foods high in potassium or take a potassium supplement (Lewis, 2014, p. 297). Give examples of situations when you would need to decrease oral intake of foods high in potassium. (Note: this could be in regard to disease processes or medications) Prepare a list of foods high in potassium. Please bring the list to clinical that you could use to teach the patient. Patients taking â€Å"ACE Inhibitors, Potassium Sparing Diuretics or NSAIDS may need to decrease their intake of oral potassium† (Lewis, 2014, p. 296). Also, patients who have â€Å"renal disease, burn victims, Addison’s disease, Tumor Lysis Syndrome and those with Adrenal insufficiency† may also need to decrease their intake of oral potassium (Lewis, 2014, p. 296). Foods High In Potassium Fruits Vegetables Other Foods Apricot, avocado, banana, cantaloupe, dried fruits, grapefruit juice, honeydew, orange, orange juice, prunes and raisins Baked beans, butternut squash, refried beans, black beans, cooked broccoli, carrots, greens (except kale), canned mushrooms, white and sweet potatoes, cooked spinach, tomatoes or tomato products, and vegetable juices Bran or bran products, chocolate, granola, milk, nuts, seeds, peanut butter, salt substitutes, salt free broth and yogurt (Lewis, 2014, p. 1115) Using the following template, prepare the following medication which many of the patients on 7S take (Remember that these are cardiac patients when looking at the indications of the medication) Please do not copy and paste from medication resource, complete in your own words. Be sure to include your reference: (24) points) **Do not copy and paste from medication resource, complete in your own words. Be sure to include your reference. Drug Order: Generic Brand Name Drug Classification: Drug Action: (How drug works?) Normal dosage: Expected Effects/Outcomes: (What symptoms do you want to improve?) Adverse Effects/Contraindications: Nursing Responsibilities: On-going assessment data and lab values to be monitored Nurse will: Aspirin 81 mg Classification: Antiplatelet Action: Hinders production of prostaglandins which prevents blood clots. Decreases platelet clumping Normal dose: PO: Adults 50–325 mg Q24 hours Expected effect: Prevention of blood clots in high risk cardiac patients. Blood in stool Stomach Pain Constipation Gastric bleeding Nausea Hearing assessment Vitals monitoring Assess heart function Monitor hemoglobin Monitor Hematocrit Monitor platelet count Assess urine, vomit and stool for blood Clopidogrel (Plavix) Classification: Antiplatelet Action: Hinders production of prostaglandins which prevents blood clots. Decreases platelet clumping . Normal dose: PO: Adults 300 mg initially, then 75 mg once daily; aspirin 75–325 mg once daily should be given concurrently. Expected effect: Prevention of blood clots in high risk cardiac patients. Blood in stool Constipation Nausea Gastric bleeding Stomach pain Hearing assessment Vitals monitoring Assess heart function Monitor hemoglobin Monitor Hematocrit Monitor platelet count Assess urine, vomit and stool for blood Lisinopril (Zestril; Prinivil) Classification: ACE inhibitor Action: Stops angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II. This reduces arterial resistance Normal dose: PO: Adults 10 mg once daily, can be increased up to 20–40 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure. Fatigue Headache Dry cough Angioedema Increase in serum potassium Increase in BUN Increase in Creatinine Obtain baseline BP Obtain baseline pulse rate and rhythm. Reassess frequently Monitor weight Monitor FEs Monitor WBC Monitor potassium Monitor Renal function Assess patient compliance throughout treatment Losartan (Cozaar) Classification: Angiotensin II receptor blocker Action: Blocks vasoconstriction effects of angiotensin II. Normal dose: 50 mg once daily initially. May be increase to 100mg per day in 1-2 doses Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure. . Vomiting Nausea Increase in serum potassium Increase in BUN Increase in creatinine levels Monitor BP prior to admin. And throughout treatment Monitor weight Monitor FEs Monitor potassium Monitor renal function Assess patient compliance Medication should be taken with food. Metoprolol (Lopressor) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Blocks stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptors. Normal dose: 25–100 mg/day as a single dose initially or 2 divided doses; may be increased every 7 days as needed up to 450 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure and increase in HR, BP, and contraction. Fatigue Dizziness Bradycardia Fluid retention Edema Hypotension Assess arrhythmia prior to and during treatment Continuous ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess apical pulse Assess BP Assess liver function Lovastatin (Mevacor; Altocor) Classification: Anti-lipid Action: Interferes with cholesterol synthesis by lowering lipid levels Normal dose: 20 mg once daily with evening meal. May be increased at 4-wk intervals to a maximum of 80 mg/day Expected effect: Decrease in cholesterol. Hepatitis Cirrhosis Myalgia Gas Constipation Cramps Nausea Pancreatitis Vomiting Assess cholesterol prior to treatment and Q4 weeks during Monitor liver function Monitor for deficiency in fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K Monitor for deficiency in folic acid Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Classification: Anti-lipid Action: Interferes with cholesterol synthesis by lowering lipid levels Normal dose: 10–20 mg once daily initially may be increased every 2–4 weeks up to 80 mg/day; Expected effect: Decrease in cholesterol. Hepatitis Cirrhosis Myalgia Gas Constipation Cramps Nausea Pancreatitis Vomiting Assess cholesterol prior to treatment and Q4 weeks during Monitor liver function Monitor for deficiency in fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K Monitor for deficiency in folic acid Amiodarone (Cordarone; Pacerone) Classification: Antiarrhythmic Action: Prolongs action potential Normal dose: PO: Adults 800–1600 mg/day in 1–2 doses for 1–3 weeks then 600–800 mg/day in 1–2 doses for 1 month then 400 mg/day maintenance dose. Expected effect: Decrease in arrhythmia Hypotension Bradycardia Worsening arrhythmias Anorexia Nausea Vision disturbances Assess arrhythmia before and during treatment ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess for toxicity Measure apical pulse Measure BP Monitor liver function Pt should not consume grapefruit juice while taking this medication Nitroglycerin (sublingual) Classification: Antianginals Action: Relaxes smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation Normal dose: SL: Adults 0.3–0.6 mg; may repeat every 5 min for 2 additional doses for acute attack. Expected effect: Reduction of blood returning to the heart. Hypotension Dizziness, Increased HR Headache Assess vital and monitor them throughout treatment Administer sublingually at first sign of heart attack Carvedilol (Coreg) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Blocks stimulation of beta 1 adrenergic receptors Normal dose: Hypertension– 6.25 mg twice daily, may be ↑ q 7–14 days up to 25 mg twice daily or extended-release– 20 mg once daily, dose may be doubled every 7–14 days up to 80 mg once daily Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure and increase in HR, BP, and contraction. Fatigue Bradycardia Dizziness Hypotension Fluid retention Edema Assess arrhythmia prior to and throughout treatment Continuous ECG monitoring Monitor vitals Assess apical pulse Assess BP Assess liver function Amlodipine (Norvasc) Classification: Antihypertensive Action: Prevents calcium from crossing myocardial cell membrane and vascular smooth muscle Normal dose: PO: Adults 5–10 mg once daily Expected effect: Decrease in blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension Headache Dizziness Edema Arrhythmias Assess vitals Monitor ECG throughout treatment Monitor vitals Monitor liver function Pt will need assistance w/ ambulation Monitor FEs Educate patient on need to decrease sodium and fluids to subsequently decrease edema Furosemide (Lasix) Classification: Loop Diuretic Action: Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. This causes increased excretion of water, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride. Expected effects: Management of edema associated with heart failure and hepatic or renal disease, acute pulmonary edema, treatment of hypertension (Vallerand, 2013) FE imbalances Tinnitus Diarrhea Hyperglycemia Nausea Vomiting Liver dysfunction Paresthesia Orthostatic hypotension Assess CBC Assess liver function prior to administration Assess electrolytes prior to administration Monitor BP Monitor Pulse Monitor for hypovolemia Assess for diuresis Assess for polydipsia Assess mucous membranes Assess skin turgor Monitor for edema Monitor weight IOs All drugs referenced : (Vallerand, 2013) References: American Heart Association: Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. (2014, May 14). Retrieved February 13, 2015, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Fish-and-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids_UCM_303248_Article.jsp Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R. (2014). Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems (Ninth ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. Louie, D., Wedell, R. (2014). Optimizing heart health. American Nurse, 46(3), 13. Vallerand, A. H., Sanoski, C. A. (2013). Daviss drug guide for nurses (Fourteenth ed.). Phila-delphia: F.A. Davis Company.

A Peaceful Evacuation Essay

The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nicely. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason  to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaro n’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson A Peaceful Evacuation Essay According to Vance Packard, leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something that you are convinced should be done (Lewis, 2003). Leadership is a pertinent part of project management. James Lewis (2003) says leadership is not a position; it’s the ability to gain commitment from people. According to Professor Warren G. Bennis, â€Å"Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right†. The importance of leadership in a project is demonstrated in the case study, â€Å"A Peaceful Evacuation: Building a Multi-Project Team Battalion by Leading Upward†. This case study involves two leaders, who had similar, but mostly, different leadership styles and strategies. Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel were both put in charge of enforcing a Disengagement Plan brought forth by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and finding the best course of action to evacuate settlements along the Gaza Strip. In this essay, I will a nalyze the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel and provider three examples of the leadership actions and behaviors for each subject. This essay will then compare and contrast the Lieutenants and will examine the interrelationship using the four personality traits and the Jung theory. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel, the chief psychologist of the Southern Command, felt that research was the first step in the project. Daniel conducted searched to locate relevant information on the topic of evacuation to learn from the experience of the past (Laufer, 2012). In the case study, Daniel uses adaptive and participative leadership styles. An adaptive leadership style is a fluid style that takes into consideration the context of the environment and the individual being led. For example, Daniel says, â€Å"Due to the complex situation, we were concerned that the emotional burden on the soldiers would be too heavy†¦Our success will be measured by the ability to help find the correct balance between determination and sensitivity†. A participative leadership style seeks input from others and participates with those they are leading in the decision making process. An example of this leadership style is when Daniel gathered other Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) psychologists for a â€Å"day of thinking together,† with the objective of  expressing and listening to their different opinions about potential problems that may arise in the evacuation project (Laufer, 2012). Daniel’s strategy was to brainstorm to identify key issues and mitigate risks. He felt that preparation was the key to completing the mission. Daniel also used the term â€Å"we†, instead of â€Å"I†. His group of psychologists worked as team to identify how to execute the mission according to the government’s guidelines while ensuring that the damage incurred during the evacuation itself would be minimal. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron displayed two types of leadership styles: directive and participative. Directive style is telling people what to do and expecting them to jump right to it. It is one of the oldest styles and frequently called autocratic. Yaron was accustomed to being lead with this style so, in turn; he used the same leadership style to lead. Yaron was very hands-on and encouraged the battalion’s company commanders to initiate ongoing meetings with their soldiers. Yaron met, called and emailed with some of the top officers in the air force. He made immediate inquiries with the top colonels through face-to-face meetings, telephone calls, and email communication. Because of this style, Yaron found that the quality and motivation of certain staff fell far short of meeting his needs (Laufer, 2012). Yaron wanted to make sure that everyone was on the same page. Yaron is a participative leader because he went to tour the settlement first hand. He wanted to know what his batta lion would have to deal with. By visiting the settlement, Yaron realized that the mission could not be successful with average squad leaders. Squad leaders must be top notch because they will be the ones interacting with the people. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Describe the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of a battalion for theevacuation operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior. Discuss the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited as he took center stage to lead this complex military operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior, assessing the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Compare and contrast the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel. Provide three (3) examples of the similarities and differences between these project leaders, and discuss how each leader might address contemporary leadership issues and challenges in Israel today. Discuss Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel interrelationship using Jung theory and the four (4) personality traits. Provide three (3) examples of how Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel personality and leadership style might enhance or hinder team performance for the complex military operation in this case study. Your assignment must: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Apply the concepts of project leadership to implement sound leadership practices and effectively lead high-performance teams in a project environment. Determine the most appropriate leadership style (e.g., directive, consultative, participative, or delegative) in a projectenvironment to effectively manage the project. Analyze the project team using Jung theory and the four personality traits to understand human  behavior and motivate team members Use technology and information resources to research issues in project management leadership. Write clearly and concisely about project management leadership using proper writing mechanics. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nice ly. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaron’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson

My Fieldtrip

My Visit to Muir’s Chapel On February 28, 2010, I went on a fieldtrip to a Methodist church called Muir’s Chapel United Methodist Church (UMC). The church was founded in 1822 when Jeremiah Dodson, a local preacher from the west, held services under brush arbors and the shade of oak trees on the grounds. The church grounds were located behind where the current building is located at 314 Muir's Chapel Road Greensboro, NC 27410. After his services and charge began, the charge was organized and passed on to the Reverend Thacker Muir.Reverend Muir cut the first log for the first structure known as the â€Å"Log Meeting House. † In Reverend Muir’s honor the name was changed to Muir’s Chapel. After the deterioration of the log structure, it was replaced in 1875 by a one-room weatherboard building. Weatherboard is the cladding or ‘siding’ of a house consisting of long thin timber boards that overlap one another, either vertically or horizontall y on the outside of the wall, thus making the building waterproof.This building was eventually moved across the street to the cemetery when the present sanctuary was constructed in 1903. During the years of 1929 thru 1932 the Log Meeting House was enlarged, remodeled and brick-veneered, along with the first landscaping of the grounds. There is a replica of the Log Meeting House remaining on the grounds today. In the honor of Reverend Thacker Muir, the current building is still known as Muir's Chapel. In 1940, the first educational building, called the Smoak Building, was built and the following year the church received its first full-time pastor, W.Kenneth Goodson. There were annual Camp meetings at harvest time held in the Smoak Building until they were replaced by revivals, which were replaced at the turn of the century by Pre-Easter services. In the fifties, The Smoak Building was attached to the church, although it was then and currently still considered the educational wing of the church, it still carries the name â€Å"The Smoak Building,† which now houses the church offices. Year 1960, there was another addition added to the church called the Boren Building.This building was also dedicated to Reverend Thacker Muir in 1960. Since 1960 the Church has been rebuilt and remodeled several times, with the present sanctuary being completed in 1980. The latest addition to Muir’s Chapel is the Kale Christian Center which houses the Playschool, classrooms, and the contemporary worship auditorium. After doing careful research, I am still which I not sure when this addition began and when it was completed.Now that my readers have learned a little history of the church I visited for my field trip, I am now going to talk a little about what I experienced at Muir’s Chapel, which was a great experience I might add. As I was on the way to the church I made sure I did not have any pre-conceptions of my visit to this church. I wanted to be open-minded so that I could take in my experience and learn from it no matter if was good or bad. When I pulled into the parking lot I noticed there were not many â€Å"luxury† cars.In my opinion, this was the first sign of the members being non-materialistic. Then the church itself looked to be old with quite a few new additions, yet it is really appealing on the outside. But, when I got out of my car there was a white lady walking through the walkway across the lawn that immediately stopped and asked me how I was doing, and if I needed help. I immediately felt welcomed and I had only met one of the members of this church. She told me how to get to the sanctuary for the â€Å"Traditional Service† which started at 8:45 A. M.Once in the sanctuary and sitting down, a senior gentleman who looked to be around fifty or sixty years of age, as most of the congregation seemed to be, tapped on my shoulder and said it is good to have you here this morning, and if you do not already have a c hurch home please come back here with us. As readers can see this was the beginning of a very warming experience for me. The service began a little different from what I am used to. For starters there were only about 25 people at this service and they were all Caucasian, as I am used to an all African-American congregation.Nevertheless, the service began with the welcoming of the congregation and congregational concerns as I had never seen this in a Sunday morning service before. At my church I am used to praise and worship team singing songs of praise to open the service. There were no concerns, so immediately they went into song. The choir director stood in the pulpit directing the congregation to sing, not an actual choir, but the congregation. Still, I could not believe the choir director was directing from the pulpit. Later I was told congregation is the choir as there is no choir for this service.As I listened to the song and tried to take part in the singing of the song, I fo und it difficult to follow as it was sung like an opera song; very high-pitched. But once the preacher began to preach, by the way he preached on the strength to forgive, which by the way was the title of his message. Everyone became extremely quiet and sat still as possible. Me being Black, I was definitely not used to this. I am used people talking back to the preacher, saying for example: â€Å"You better preach preacher, tell them what the word says! At Muir’s Chapel it was a quiet as could be. Needless to say I did not say anything back to the preacher while he was preaching. In case some of my readers are wondering how I managed to choose this church being African-American and this church being predominately white, I was invited by my classmate Lisa Tanico who is one of the ministers of this great church. Anyway, once the service was over I met with Lisa and she began to take me on a tour of Muir’s Chapel. What I saw was amazing.Lisa and I had to pass through th e fellowship hall where there were refreshments offered such as coffee, juice, and biscuits with a side of bacon or sausage. This very rarely happens at my church unless it is a special occasion of some sort. I was astonished to find out there were several different refreshments served after each service. Lisa then took on a quick tour of the rest of the church as she needed to readily available to the members if one needed to talk or maybe ask for prayer. So we scurried on to the Contemporary service that was going on in one of the newer parts of the church.I was in this service for only about 15 minutes as this service started at 9:00 A. M. , and the Traditional service I attended started at 8:45 A. M. What little I saw was interesting. There was an actual choir at this service, and the choir had a Pop sound, which is closer to what I am used to hearing. At the end of this service Lisa had to leave to attend to some of the members of the church and I had to go to a dedication at m y church. But before my departure, Lisa did tell me that Muir’s Chapel was very involved in the community.This church is part of the Urban Ministry, inviting homeless and the less fortunate to come in and eat on certain days of the week. Muir’s Chapel also has several educational, sporting and biblical programs for the community, or just any one who may want to take part in participating. I am not sure which days, but either way just to know this church extends its arms out to the community in such away as this, if for no other reason at all makes me feel welcomed and privileged to have had the chance to visit this great Methodist church known as Muir’s Chapel.

Cross Cultural Implications for A UK Manager Undertaking an International Business Assignment to Another Country Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Hall came up with the description of culture as a context entailing the setting where various activities take place and influence the outcome of each other. The context he elaborated as the ability of individuals to understand the nonverbal communication that takes place during a communication session with an individual. High context (HC) is more concerned with the setting that the communication activity is taking place. On the other hand, low context (LC) entails the word and content of the communication taking place. A business manager from the UK has been used to a culture that emphasizes a high context meaning what influences communication according to his culture, is the setting in which the communication takes place. However, upon conducting business in and African countries that are plagued with low context, this may hamper his international business. This is since Africans are more concerned about the words and the content of what the business is all about and not merely the setting. According to Hall s theory, the disparity between the UK based manager HC and Africa s LC will have cross-cultural implications on the international business being procured (Zakaria, and Cogburn, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Implications for A UK Manager Undertaking an International Business Assignment to Another Country or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page With reference to the topic of discussion the UK based business manager in an African country is faced with uncertainties and anxiety since the culture in which he has gone to views him as a stranger.